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We are a group of medical aspirants who write about various medical topics that provide better insight into how the body works and how we can relate various diseases of our body as an imbalance in normal physiology.

We are ready to answer any queries made by the readers and always ready to accept any legitimate suggestions made.

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Renin angiotensin aldosterone mechanism and its pathology

Renin-angiotensin and aldosterone system also known as RAAS is one of the major regulatory systems of the human body. It plays a major role in maintaining blood pressure and volume and regulating blood sodium levels. Mechanism of secretion of renin: Renin is an enzyme/hormone that is secreted by extra glomerular mesangial cells/ Polkessien cells or juxtaglomerular granular cells. These cells are present in afferent arteriole of each nephron of kidneys and some in efferent arteriole too. They are the specialized smooth muscle which secrete renin whenever blood flow is less. When there is normal blood flow, there is normal filtration on the glomerulus, about 60% of sodium is reabsorbed and 25% is reabsorbed in the ascending loop of Henle. The remaining 10 % remains in the distal convoluted tubule ( DCT). In the DCT there are specialized cuboidal cells called macula densa cells which detect the concentration of sodium ions in the DCT. Juxtaglomerular apparatus: Nephron

COVID-19 and its global consequences

Coronavirus as seen in the electron microscope COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) is a deadly flu that affects mainly the respiratory organs, remotely it has also been found that it might affect the kidney, liver, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms mainly include dry cough, headache, and continuous fever along with fatigue. Old people and the people having comorbid conditions along with COVID-19 are likely to be in much threat. The virus which is closely related to SARS coronavirus and MERS coronavirus is spread to more than 210 countries and territories throughout the world. According to WHO the cases of this disease can be divided into mild, moderate, or severe cases and the severe cases require immediate medical attention with proper ICU care and ventilators to provide artificial respiration. The virus spreads via air droplets and its infectivity is two times more than the common flu which explains the high number of casualties and exponential increase of cases. The abs

Pathophysiology of SARS- Coronavirus- 2 in mild to severe cases

electron microscope view of SARS COV-2attacking lung cells Introduction: The SARS coronavirus 2 comes from the subfamily Orthocoronaviri nae , in the family Coronaviridae. These viruses occur in many organisms including humans and have been associated with zoonotic diseases for a long time. These positive-sense RNA viruses are commonly known to cause common cold in humans and rarely diarrheal symptoms in children. The cases that these viruses have started to affect humans are recent. Being completely new viruses for causing human diseases they have been a pretty nuisance in the past few decades. The 2003 SARS outbreak, 2013 MERS outbreak, and recent 2019 SARS COVID-19 outbreak are the periods when these viruses appeared so aggressively to cause Pandemic. The occurrence of SARS and MERS was not that widespread and was contained within those fixed geographical locations but the case is not the same in SARS-COVID-2 where the whole world is suffering from a hu

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