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We are a group of medical aspirants who write about various medical topics that provide better insight into how the body works and how we can relate various diseases of our body as an imbalance in normal physiology.

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Renin angiotensin aldosterone mechanism and its pathology

Renin-angiotensin and aldosterone system also known as RAAS is one of the major regulatory systems of the human body. It plays a major role in maintaining blood pressure and volume and regulating blood sodium levels. Mechanism of secretion of renin: Renin is an enzyme/hormone that is secreted by extra glomerular mesangial cells/ Polkessien cells or juxtaglomerular granular cells. These cells are present in afferent arteriole of each nephron of kidneys and some in efferent arteriole too. They are the specialized smooth muscle which secrete renin whenever blood flow is less. When there is normal blood flow, there is normal filtration on the glomerulus, about 60% of sodium is reabsorbed and 25% is reabsorbed in the ascending loop of Henle. The remaining 10 % remains in the distal convoluted tubule ( DCT). In the DCT there are specialized cuboidal cells called macula densa cells which detect the concentration of sodium ion...

COVID-19 and its global consequences

Coronavirus as seen in the electron microscope COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) is a deadly flu that affects mainly the respiratory organs, remotely it has also been found that it might affect the kidney, liver, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms mainly include dry cough, headache, and continuous fever along with fatigue. Old people and the people having comorbid conditions along with COVID-19 are likely to be in much threat. The virus which is closely related to SARS coronavirus and MERS coronavirus is spread to more than 210 countries and territories throughout the world. According to WHO the cases of this disease can be divided into mild, moderate, or severe cases and the severe cases require immediate medical attention with proper ICU care and ventilators to provide artificial respiration. The virus spreads via air droplets and its infectivity is two times more than the common flu which explains the high number of casualties and exponential increase of cases. The abs...

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